Spatial implications of international trade under the new economic geography approach

In 2008, Paul Krugman from Princeton University was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences by the Central Bank of Sweden, for his “analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity”. In this paper we survey the literature, known as the New Economic Geography (NEG), launched by Krugman (1991). In particular, we focus on four topics: (i) NEG roots, (ii) NEG rationale; (ii) the spatial impact of international trade on global economic imbalances; and (iv) the impact of international trade on urban structure.New Economic Geography; Trade Openness; Agglomeration and Urban Economics.

Knowledge transfer for process improvements of SMEs in the region: experience from Project-Based Learning

[EN] Knowledge has become the resource that enables higher levels of value aggregation in the production of goods and services, the sustainable insertion of emerging economies into the global village and the improvement of the living conditions of individuals. Based on the abovementioned, academia, particullarly universities are called to lead the generation of knowledge, not only for teaching and research, but also for offering solutions to the productive sector, that is, by generating knowledge transfer of businesses, the state and communities. This is the main challenge face by the academic community in order to prove if its intervention in organizations may have a great impact on the productivity and competitiveness of the different economic sectors. Therefore, this research aims to structure a teaching-learning strategy intended to the identification and analysis of a case problem of the productive sector. This strategy is based on the active methodology of project-based learning, as well as on the application of knowledge acquired by students in the following three areas: 1) Methods and Timing Analysis, 2) Human Talent Management; c) and Budgeting Fundamentals. Taking this into account, the students managed to diagnose and provide solutions to real problems of companies belonging to the productive sector of the region of Santander, Colombia. As a result of the research, it was possible to have a positive impact both from the point of view of the productivity of the organizations in the thematic axes addressed, as well as from the students’ appropriation of knowledge. In the same way, it was achieved the strengthening of the relationship between University – Business, contributing to the advance in the transfer of knowledge in the productive sector of the region from academia.Caballero Márquez, J.; Martínez Pérez, M.; Sierra Suárez, K.; Ramírez León, Z. (2022). Knowledge transfer for process improvements of SMEs in the region: experience from Project-Based Learning. En Proceedings INNODOCT/21. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 131-138. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2021.2021.1341413113

Spatial implications of international trade under the new economic geography approach

In 2008, Paul Krugman from Princeton University was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences by the Central Bank of Sweden, for his “analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity”. In this paper we survey the literature, known as the New Economic Geography (NEG), launched by Krugman (1991). In particular, we focus on four topics: (i) NEG roots, (ii) NEG rationale; (ii) the spatial impact of international trade on global economic imbalances; and (iv) the impact of international trade on urban structure

Evaluación y actualización del programa de salud ocupacional para la empresa Industria de Licores de Boyacá S.A. - C.I.

165 hojas : ilustraciones, color, tablasEl trabajo presenta una evaluación integral de las condiciones actuales de la empresa mediante la realización de un diagnóstico que permita identificar los principales peligros y valorar los riesgos a los que están expuestos los trabajadores, actualizar el programa de salud ocupacional existente por medio de la implementación y desarrollo del Sistema de Gestión para la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SGSST), el cual es obligatorio para minimizar la ocurrencia de accidentes y enfermedades laborales, optimizar los procesos productivos y disminuir los costos generales de la empresa, de ésta manera se minimizan los daños en las instalaciones, herramientas, maquinaria y generando bienestar y seguridad para los colaboradores.Incluye bibliografía: (hojas 142-143)Incluye anexosPregradoAdministrador de Empresa

Relación entre la resistencia a antibióticos y la producción de biofilm de aislados de Staphylococcus aureus provenientes de mastitis bovina

The objective was to analyze the relationship between the antibiotic-resistance profile and the biofilm formation of S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. Thirty (30) isolates of S. aureus from cases of subclinical mastitis in dairy farms in semi-intensive production and backyard production systems, located in the states of Guanajuato and Michoacán, Mexico, were analyzed. An antibiogram was performed by the Kirbi-Bauer disc-diffusion method. Biofilm formation was determined by the violet crystal staining method. For the evaluation of antibiotic resistance genes and biofilm formation, genomic DNA was obtained from a colony for the identification of the genes: blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, gyrA and gyrB, and icaA and icaD. The results showed that 100 % of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and dicloxacillin, followed by cefotaxime (86.6 %), ampicillin and cephalotin (83.3 %) and ceftazidime (80.0 %), while a 36.6 % resistance to oxacillin was observed. It was identified that all isolates of S. aureus had the ability to form biofilm with a range between 20 to 98 %. It was also observed that isolates with a high multi-resistance presented a greater formation of biofilm, establishing a significant positive correlation. In conclusion, S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis presented high levels of antibiotic resistance; as well as an important biofilm-forming capacity, demonstrating the existence of a positive correlation between these two factors.El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el perfil de resistencia a antibióticos y la formación de biofilm de aislados de S. aureus provenientes de mastitis bovina. Se analizaron 30 aislados de S. aureus procedentes de casos de mastitis subclínica en granjas lecheras en sistemas de producción semi-intensivo y de traspatio ubicadas en los estados de Guanajuato y Michoacán, México. Se realizó un antibiograma por el método de difusión en disco Kirbi Bauer. La formación de biofilm se determinó por el método de tinción con cristal violeta. Para la evaluación de genes de resistencia a antibióticos y de formación de biofilm se obtuvo ADN genómico de una colonia para la identificación de los genes: blaZ, mecA, tetK, tetM, gyrA y gyrB, y icaA e icaD. Los resultados mostraron que el 100 % de los aislados fueron resistentes a penicilina  y dicloxacilina, seguidos  por cefotaxima  (86.6 %),  ampicilina y cefalotina (83.3 %) y ceftazidima (80.0 %), mientras que se observó un 36.6 % de resistencia a oxacilina. Se identificó que todos los aislados de S. aureus presentaron la capacidad de formar biofilm con un rango del 20 a 98 %. Se observó además que los aislados con una multirresistencia elevada presentaron una mayor formación de biofilm; estableciéndose una correlación positiva significativa. En conclusión, los aislados de S. aureus provenientes de mastitis bovina presentaron elevados niveles de resistencia a antibióticos; así como una importante capacidad formadora de biofilm, demostrando la existencia de una correlación positiva entre estos dos factores

Randomized Clinical Trials and Observational Tribulations: Providing Clinical Evidence for Personalized Surgical Pain Management Care Models

Proving clinical superiority of personalized care models in interventional and surgical pain management is challenging. The apparent difficulties may arise from the inability to standardize complex surgical procedures that often involve multiple steps. Ensuring the surgery is performed the same way every time is nearly impossible. Confounding factors, such as the variability of the patient population and selection bias regarding comorbidities and anatomical variations are also difficult to control for. Small sample sizes in study groups comparing iterations of a surgical protocol may amplify bias. It is essentially impossible to conceal the surgical treatment from the surgeon and the operating team. Restrictive inclusion and exclusion criteria may distort the study population to no longer reflect patients seen in daily practice. Hindsight bias is introduced by the inability to effectively blind patient group allocation, which affects clinical result interpretation, particularly if the outcome is already known to the investigators when the outcome analysis is performed (often a long time after the intervention). Randomization is equally problematic, as many patients want to avoid being randomly assigned to a study group, particularly if they perceive their surgeon to be unsure of which treatment will likely render the best clinical outcome for them. Ethical concerns may also exist if the study involves additional and unnecessary risks. Lastly, surgical trials are costly, especially if the tested interventions are complex and require long-term follow-up to assess their benefit. Traditional clinical testing of personalized surgical pain management treatments may be more challenging because individualized solutions tailored to each patient’s pain generator can vary extensively. However, high-grade evidence is needed to prompt a protocol change and break with traditional image-based criteria for treatment. In this article, the authors review issues in surgical trials and offer practical solutions

Conversaciones sobre el cambio social

“Una conversación abierta, cercana y pertinente, que nos invite a conocer los desafíos contemporáneos, a crear oportunidades sociales y a potenciar el conocimiento.” Gonzalo Pérez Rojas"Este libro recoge la experiencia de una conversación enriquecedora en el interior de una organización como Grupo Sura que se dio la oportunidad de enfrentar las preguntas coyunturales desde los fundamentos del cambio social. En lugar de detenerse en titulares de prensa o contenidos de redes sociales, tan virales como falaces, el grupo de conversadores emprendió un viaje por lugares e ideas diversas para poner en perspectiva asunto de interés común tales como la democracia, nuestra historia nacional y local, la justicia, el lenguaje, el derecho, el conflicto, entre otros ; de este modo, fue posible validar la vigencia de, por ejemplo, el pensamiento ateniense de veinticinco siglos atrás frente a los retos contemporáneos de las decisiones colectivas de las organizaciones. La Universidad EAFIT ha sido mediadora y testigo de este proceso que puede entenderse como catarsis, en el sentido de purga, purificación y transformación que la tragedia griega confiere. Dicho de otro modo, la conversación acerca de estos diferentes tópicos ético-políticos relevantes para la empresa fueron pretexto para plantear preguntas íntimas de los participantes y para encontrar criterios de conexión con las cuestiones sociales del retador contexto actual". Centro Humanista Universidad EAFIT© Universidad EAFIT- Centro Humanista, © Grupo Sur

The Changing Environment in Postgraduate Education in Orthopedic Surgery and Neurosurgery and Its Impact on Technology-Driven Targeted Interventional and Surgical Pain Management : Perspectives from Europe, Latin America, Asia, and The United States

Personalized care models are dominating modern medicine. These models are rooted in teaching future physicians the skill set to keep up with innovation. In orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery, education is increasingly influenced by augmented reality, simulation, navigation, robotics, and in some cases, artificial intelligence. The postpandemic learning environment has also changed, emphasizing online learning and skill- and competency-based teaching models incorporating clinical and bench-top research. Attempts to improve work–life balance and minimize physician burnout have led to work-hour restrictions in postgraduate training programs. These restrictions have made it particularly challenging for orthopedic and neurosurgery residents to acquire the knowledge and skill set to meet the requirements for certification. The fast-paced flow of information and the rapid implementation of innovation require higher efficiencies in the modern postgraduate training environment. However, what is taught typically lags several years behind. Examples include minimally invasive tissue-sparing techniques through tubular small-bladed retractor systems, robotic and navigation, endoscopic, patient-specific implants made possible by advances in imaging technology and 3D printing, and regenerative strategies. Currently, the traditional roles of mentee and mentor are being redefined. The future orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons involved in personalized surgical pain management will need to be versed in several disciplines ranging from bioengineering, basic research, computer, social and health sciences, clinical study, trial design, public health policy development, and economic accountability. Solutions to the fast-paced innovation cycle in orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery include adaptive learning skills to seize opportunities for innovation with execution and implementation by facilitating translational research and clinical program development across traditional boundaries between clinical and nonclinical specialties. Preparing the future generation of surgeons to have the aptitude to keep up with the rapid technological advances is challenging for postgraduate residency programs and accreditation agencies. However, implementing clinical protocol change when the entrepreneur–investigator surgeon substantiates it with high-grade clinical evidence is at the heart of personalized surgical pain management

Hugo Chávez: una década en el poder

Una década de Hugo Chávez Frías y su proyecto político en Venezuela trajo consigo un cambio de paradigmas que llama la atención de la sociedad en general. Este libro es el resultado del esfuerzo conjunto de un grupo de académicos de distintas nacionalidades que desde sus líneas de investigación realizan análisis que le brindan al lector elementos para comprender de manera global lo que significa una década de gobierno del Presidente Chávez en Venezuela.Este libro es el resultado del esfuerzo conjunto de un grupo de académicos de distintas nacionalidades que desde sus líneas de investigación realizan análisis que le brindan al lector elementos para comprender de manera global lo que significa una década de gobierno del Presidente Chávez en Venezuela